Discuss the development of the imperial cult during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. How did its manifestations differ, and why, in different parts of the empire? In what ways did the attitude of Augustus to the worship of himself differ from that of Tiberius?
The development of the imperial cult can only be understood in the context of Roman religion more generally, about which the following points may be made. First, Roman religion was polytheistic and extremely diverse, its gods often ancient and local, but it was also open to more recent additions, one example being the cult of Isis, an import from Egypt . Secondly, Roman religion emphasised practice rather than interior dogma or belief . Properly performed and public sacrifices, dedications and hymns were at its very heart , although its private and personal aspects were also significant. Thirdly, one of the key concepts in Roman religion was that of honouring the gods in thanks for their having done something. The gods received sacrifices, offerings and prayers made in the hope of favourable intervention. The basic idea was almost contractual, often taking the form of a votum vowed to the deity, and was commonly reflected in the inscription of VSML , indicating an individual’s grateful fulfilment of their end of the bargain. This dynamic was reflected in Roman state religion. Cicero articulated a common view when he said that the Roman state owed its growth and stability to the support of the gods . The instrumental and unifying function of Roman religion was noted by the Greek analyst Polybius .
